Beta-mammal/insect toxin Ts1

UniProtKB accession:  P15226

Grouped By:  Matching UniProtKB accession

UniProtKB description:  Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) gating-modifier. Acts both as alpha- and beta-toxin, since it affects not only activation but also inactivation of Nav channels (PubMed:25862296) (Probable). Binds to Nav domain DII and impairs the four Nav channel voltage sensors movements (PubMed:17698594, PubMed:19005548). Depending on Nav channel subtypes tested, can also bind Nav domains DIII (low affinity) and DIV (very low affinity) (PubMed:17698594, PubMed:19005548, PubMed:25624450). Acts on almost all the Nav channels tested (mammalian Nav1.2/SCN2A, Nav1.3/SCN3A, Nav1.4/SCN4A, Nav1.5/SCN5A, Nav1.6/SCN8A, Nav1.9/SCN11A, and insect DmNav1) (PubMed:9048656, PubMed:17698594, PubMed:21670206, PubMed:24989851, PubMed:25862296, PubMed:31012002). Is highly active against both mammals and insects (PubMed:17118417, PubMed:21549737). Irreversibly modulates DmNav channels (PubMed:25862296). Other Ts1 activities have been studied, such as immunomodulation, antimicrobial activity or exocrine secretion (Probable). This toxin exhibits an antifungal activity against filamentous fungi (PubMed:28634472). In vitro, it has an important immunomodulatory effect on macrophages by stimulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PubMed:21549737). It also shows an activity in exocrine secretion in pancreas, stomach and adrenal gland (PubMed:1993690, PubMed:9611141, PubMed:10347806).